Seeing anthropology: cultural anthropology through film

Preface

1. The Study of Human Diversity

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Introduction

The Fields of Anthropology

Biological Anthropology

Archaeology

Linguistic Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

Applied Anthropology

Anthropology and Other Disciplines

Key Concepts in Anthropology

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity

Holism

Doing Anthropology: Find the Connections

Focus Culture: Finding the Connections in Contemporary Bali

Seeing Anthropology: The Goddess and the Computer

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Cultural Interaction in A Passage to India

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

2. Understanding Culture

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Defining Culture

Culture Is Learned

Culture Is Shared

Focus Culture: Shared Malay Traditions and Local Variations

Culture Is Ideas

Culture Is Patterns of Behavior

Cultures Are Both Internally Consistent and Inconsistent

Culture, Society, and Ethnicity

Cultures and Subcultures: Operating on Different Levels

Doing Anthropology: Societies, Cultures, and Subcultures

Cultures Adapt and Change

The Concept of Race

Clinal Model of Variation

"Race" as a Sociocultural Construct

The Interaction of Biology and Culture

Seeing Anthropology: Latah: A Culture-Specific Elaboration of the Startle Reflex

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Cultural Construction of Race in Rabbit-Proof Fence

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

3. Doing Anthropology: Fieldwork and Theories

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Doing Fieldwork

Learning the Language

Fieldwork Techniques

Fieldwork Settings

Focus Culture: Fieldwork among the Grand Valley Dani of Irian Jaya, Indonesia (West New Guinea)

Focus Culture: Complexities of Japanese Culture

Seeing Anthropology: Fieldwork in Neighborhood Tokyo

Quantitative versus Qualitative Research: To Count or Not to Count

Ethics in Anthropology

Writing an Ethnography

Reflexivity

Anthropological Theories: How We Account for Cultural Behavior

Basic Assumptions

Theory Families

Doing Anthropology: Recognizing the Theory

Seeing Anthropology: Fieldwork among the Grand Valley Dani: Dead Birds

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Different Versions in Rashomon

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading and Viewing

4. Meanings: Language, Symbols, and Art

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Language

Primitive Languages and Primitive Peoples

Elements of Language: Channels of Communication

Doing Anthropology: Full-Channel Shakespeare

Language, Culture, and Biology

Sociolinguistics: Language in Social Context

Symbols, Art, and Identity

Symbolic Structure in Narrative Art

Art and Identity

Art in Context versus Art on a Pedestal

Focus Culture: Art and Ceremony of the Kwa Kwaka' Wakw of the Northwest Coast

Seeing Anthropology: Art and Identity of the Kwa Kwaka' Wakw: Box of Treasures

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: The Cultural Translation of "Darmok"

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading and Viewing

5. Psychology and Culture

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Culture, Personality, and the Self

Childhood

Margaret Mead and the Cultural Construction of Puberty and Gender

From "National Culture" to Cultural Themes

Focus Culture: Cultural Themes in Vietnam

Privacy and the Self

Learning Styles

The Cycle of Learning

Teaching and Learning Styles

Cognition

Cognitive Style and Intelligence

Doing Anthropology: A New Intelligence Test

Organization of Knowledge

Emotions

Cultural Display Rules

Translating Emotions into Words

Grief: Emotion and Culture

Seeing Anthropology: Cultural Themes in Vietnam: How to Behave (Chuyen Tu Te)

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Individualism and Groupism in Mr. Baseball

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

6. Patterns of Production

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Cultural Adaptation and Production

Technology

What Does the Environment Determine?

The Division of Labor

Specialization: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

Division of Labor by Age and Gender

Food Production Strategies

Foraging

Animal Husbandry and Pastoralism

Farming

Focus Culture: Horticulture of the Grand Valley Dani

Food Production Strategies in Industrial Societies

Doing Anthropology: Food Production Strategies in a Supermarket Culture

Seeing Anthropology: A Horticultural Strategy: Dani Sweet Potatoes

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Family Farms in The Milagro Beanfield War

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

7. Distribution and Consumption

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Distribution: Mechanisms of Exchange

Generalized Reciprocity

Balanced and Negative Reciprocity

Redistribution

Focus Culture: The Redistributive Cargo System of the Zinacantan Mayans of Chiapas, Mexico

Seeing Anthropology: Appeals to Santiago

Market Exchange

Doing Anthropology: Your Own Transactions

Consumption-Food

Foods That Are Not Eaten

Eating Together: Social and Ritual

Foodways and Nutritional Anthropology

Doing Anthropology: Global Consumption

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: The Mystique of Food in Tampopo

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

8. Marriage and Family

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Definitions and Functions of Marriage

Forms of Marriage

Arranged Marriages versus Love Marriages

Doing Anthropology: Schemas of Love and Marriage

Monogamy versus Polygamy

Marriage as Exchange

Bride Wealth and Dowry

Bride Service Societies

Marriage Rules

Marrying Out (Exogamy) and Marrying In (Endogamy)

Incest Prohibitions

Cousin Marriages

Social Repairs: Preserving Lines of Descent

Social Repairs: Saving the Alliance

Focus Culture: Marriage and Family in India

Family and Household Forms

Postmarital Residence Patterns

Seeing Anthropology: A Joint Family in North India: Dadi's Family

Changing Family Forms in Western Cultures

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Family Forms in My Big Fat Greek Wedding

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

9. Social Organization and Kinship

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Class as Category

Studying Class, Power, and Inequality

Descent Groups

Lineages, Clans, and Sibs

Phratries and Moieties

Patrilineal Descent

Focus Culture: Patrilineal Descent of the Nuer of the Upper Nile

Matrilineal Descent and the Minangkabau

Challenges to Unilineal Descent Systems

Non-Unilineal Descent

Kinship Terminology Systems

Diagramming the Kin Universe

Culture-Neutral Kinship Analysis

Using an Emic Approach

Non-Kin Groupings

Organization by Age

Voluntary Associations

Doing Anthropology: A Second Look at Your Social Groups

Seeing Anthropology: Social Organization and The Nuer

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Social Organization in Whale Rider

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

10. Power and Politics

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Power

Big Men and Chiefs

The Political Organization of Societies

Power Differentials

Social Control

Studying the Laws of Others

Cultural Norms

Doing Anthropology: Backpacks on Campus

Transgressions

Conflict Resolution

Focus Culture: Adjudication in a Kpelle Village

Seeing Anthropology: The Cows of Dolo Ken Paye: Resolving Conflict among the Kpelle

Patterns and Causes of War

Causes of War

The Nature of War

The Nature of Peace

The End of War

Peace as a Social Condition

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Slavery, Revolt, and Adjudication in Amistad

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

11. Facing the Supernatural: Magic, Religion, and Ritual

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Looking for the Roots of Religion

Magic, Science, and Religion

Doing Anthropology: Magic, Science, and Religion

The Anxiety Theory of Religion

Sympathetic Magic

Sacred Power

Soul Matter

Mana and Taboo

Totems

Human Mediators of Sacred Powers

Augury

Rituals

Rites of Passage

Rites of Intensification

World Religions and Local Practices

Focus Culture: Religion and Ritual in Egypt

Seeing Anthropology: El Sebou': Egyptian Birth Ritual

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Tibetan Buddhism in The Cup (Phorpa)

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

12. The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality

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Differentiating Sexuality and Gender

How Many Genders? How Many Sexualities? The Puzzle of Homosexuality

The Role of Gender in Society

The Impact of the Feminist Perspective

Gender in Politics and Economics

Manifestations of Sexuality

Sexuality as Biological Procreation

Sexuality in Art

Sexuality in Attire

Doing Anthropology: Expressive Clothing

Gender-Specific Alterations of the Body

Genital Alterations

Exaggerations of Women's Bodies

Sexual Ethos

Sexually Permissive Cultures: Polynesia

Sexually Restrictive Cultures: Inis Beag

Sexually Indifferent Cultures: The Dani

Focus Culture: Gender and Sexuality of the Ju/'hoansi

Seeing Anthropology: Sexuality and Change in the Life of a Ju/'hoan Woman: N!ai: The Story of a !Kung Woman

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Femininity and Football in Multicultural Britain: Bend It Like Beckham

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading and Viewing

13. Culture Change

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Forces of Change

Change Due to Contact through Trade

Diffusion

Modernization

Innovation: The Internal Dynamics of Change

Change in Language

Doing Anthropology: Nailing Down Language Change

Focus Culture: The Changing Trobriand Islands

Revitalization Movements

Indigenous Rights in a Changing World

Rights to Resources: Land and Water

Intellectual Property Rights

Transnationalism

Seeing Anthropology: Trobriand Cricket: An Ingenious Response to Colonialism

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Rediscovering Native American Cultural Identity in Smoke Signals

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

14. Medical Anthropology and the Future

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Medical Anthropology

Local Knowledge

Seeing Anthropology: Indigenous Interpretation and Treatment of Illness: The Medium Is the Masseuse: A Balinese Massage

Pain-Acute and Chronic

Menopause

Immigrant Health Care

Focus Culture: The Suffering and Pain of the Khmer

Seeing Anthropology: House of the Spirit: Perspectives on Cambodian Health Care

The Anthropology of HIV/AIDS

Doing Anthropology: Illness and Culture

Final Thoughts

Hollywood-Style Anthropology: Medical Anthropology and Medicine Man

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Questions to Think About

Suggestions for Further Reading

Appendix. Thinking about Ethnographic Films

Glossary

Bibliography

Index